To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced Essay Example

To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced Essay To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced in neutralisation reactions. The Aim of this investigation is to see how the dependant variable, the heat realised as a result of neutralisation reaction changes as one independent variable is changed, and to find why these changes occur. Only one variable will be changed. This is because if more than one is changed as well, we will not know which factor is responsible for the change. The variables are specified below, along with the one that I have decided to vary.VariablesThe following variables can be controlled during the experiment and will be the ones we can change in the investigation. The one that I have chosen is listed below. These variables are called independent variables, and will allow us to assess and investigate the effect on the heat released by neutralisation reactions.1. The concentration of the acid or the alkali in the reaction could be decided to be varied (I have used the term alkali rather than base, because the substance will already be dissolved in water which is the definition of an alkali). To carry this out, one would have to obtain acids or bases or both of varied concentration, by obtaining a fairly strong concentration, and then diluting it down to get varied concentrations.This procedure would be time consuming, and there would certainly be room for much error, as the concentration may not be measured out correctly, leading to inaccuracy. A general trend that would probably be seen is that, as the concentration goes up, so does the heat released by neutralisation. This is because there are more ions in a solution of a higher concentration. I have listed this variable as one, but it is really two different variables: one can either vary the concentration of the acid or that of the base.2.The effect caused by the volume of the reactants could also be investigated. To do this, one would merely have to repeat the procedure, but using different volumes of the reactants each time. This procedure would be simple and safe, but if the experiment is wished to be very accurate, you would have to use a pipette, which proves to be time consuming. A pattern that would be visible when the different volumes of acid and alkali are mixed is that, as the volume rises, the heat of neutralisation too would go up, because there are again more ions in the volume to be neutralised. The conditions for this theory are as follows: the different volumes must be of the same concentration, if they are not of the same concentration the results would not show the correct pattern as two variables would be being altered.3. If desired, it is also possible to vary the strength of the acid and/or base. By this, it is meant that a weak acid could be used, like Ethanoic acid, with a weak, and then strong alkali; the results could be compared to that which occurs when a strong acid is used with either alkali. The limitations of varying this factor are as follows: there is only one link between a strong and a weak acid, which is merely a scale called the pH scale. If this factor were investigated, we would obviously find that the combination of a strong acid and alkali would reproduce the highest energy rise. This is because the strong acids and alkalis dissociate to a higher degree, they split up completely into their composite ions. In weak acids, the degree of ionisation is less, and as a result of this, the number of ions in the solution is less, which prevents complete neutralisation.4. The type of acid or alkali could also be used as a variable. This process would be investigated by using different acids and alkalis, whether they are strong or weak. The results of each acid and alkali (strong and weak) would be compared. This variable could be put under the same category of varying the strength of the acid. This is because as different types of acids and alkalis are being used, the strength of those acids and alkalis would also be being varied in the pr ocess. The other factors of whether the acid is Monoprotic, Diprotic or Triprotic all come under this heading. Acids, which form one H+ ion from each acid molecule, are called Monoprotic. Acids which form two are called Diprotic. Acids, which form three, are called Triprotic.5. The last variable that could be used in the investigation is altering pressure of the acid and alkali. To do this, you would have to have an expensive, impractical piece of apparatus that would allow the pressure to be varied. The practical would be very difficult to perform and would be impractical. If you decided to use this procedure, you must also take safety precautions, because there is potential for the pressure container to either implode or explode. I believe that if the pressure were raised, there would not be much of a difference to the heat of neutralisation, unless it was raised fairly high which again is a limitation to this procedure. Another problem is that the equipment needed for this variab le is not easy to obtain, and therefore couldnt be used.Introduction:Neutralisation reactionsAcids and alkalis are defined as:An Acid:A substance that dissolves in water, producing H+ ions as the onlypositive ions.An acid is a substance, which contains hydrogen, which may be replaced by a metal to form a salt.Properties:They change moist litmus paper from blue to red.They are soluble in water.They are electrolytes.They also have a sour or sharp taste.Cautions:Some acids are poisonousMany acids are corrosive and thus dangerous. They burn flesh.Acids as proton donors:Acids produce hydrogen ions as the only positive ion. For example when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water the following process occurs.HCL(aq) H+ (aq) + CL- (aq)The hydrogen ion is sometimes called a proton. In water, the proton is combined with water as a result of the following process:HCL(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + CL (aq)H30+ is known as a hydroxonium ion.Hydrochloric acid has donated its protons to the water:H+ (aq ) + H2O (l) H30+ (aq)All acids are proton donors.Strong acids are fully ionized in water and are strong electrolytes. A strong acid produces a high concentration of H+ ions in a water solution. E.g. Hydrochloric acid. (HCl). Examples: sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. For instance, nitric acid:HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)Weak acids are partially ionized in water and are weak electrolytes. Examples: Ethanoic acid. A weak acid: Produces a low concentration of H+ ions in a water solution. E.g. Ethanoic acid. (CH3CO2H)Common strong acids include:Hydrochloric acid (HCl)Nitric acid (HNO3)Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)Common weak acids include:Citric acid (H3C6H5O7)Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) (vinegar)Alkalis and BasesA soluble base is something which produces OH- ions in water.A Base is a substance, which will react with an acid to form a salt.A base is a proton acceptor.An alkali is a base, which is soluble in water.Properties:They change litmus paper from red to blue .They are electrolytes.In addition many alkalis have a soapy feel.All bases and alkalis, except ammonia, are metal oxides or metal hydroxides.CAUTION: Many alkalis may be corrosive and poisonous. Example: sodium hydroxide is often called caustic soda. Caustic means burning.A strong alkali:Produces a high concentration of OH- ions in a water solution. Eg. Sodium hydroxide. (NaOH)Strong alkalis are fully ionized in water and are strong electrolytes.Weak alkali:Weak alkalis are only partially ionized in water and are weak electrolytes. A weak alkali produces a low concentration of OH- ions in a water solution. E.g. Ammonia solution. (NH4OH)Bases as proton acceptors- when a base reacts with an acid to form a salt, it accepts. Example: magnesium oxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form magnesium sulphateMgO(s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H20 (l)During this reaction the oxide ion, O2-, of the base accepts 2 protons H+ (O2- (s) + 2H+ (aq) H2O (l))Common strong alkalis include:Sodium hydrox ide (NaOH)Potassium hydroxide (KOH)Common weak alkalis include:Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3)Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)Hydroxide ions:When alkalis dissolve in water an alkaline solution is formed. Alkaline solutions contain hydroxide ions. Example solid sodium hydroxide produces hydroxide ions when added to water.NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH(aq)These hydroxide ions accept protons to form water in the reactions between acids and alkalis.H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)Neutralization reactionsAcids react with bases to form salts.Acid + Base salt + waterWhen aqueous solutions of an acid and a base are combined, a neutralisation reaction occurs. This reaction is characteristically very rapid and generally produces water and a salt. For a strong acid and a strong base in water, the neutralisation reaction is between the hydrogen and hydroxide ions dissolved in solution: H+ + OH- H2ONeutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base in such quantities that only th e salt + water are produced and no acid or base remain in the solution. When reacting both acid and alkali, both quantities must be as equal as possible, if a neutral solution is desired.Strong acids and strong bases completely break up, or dissociate, into their constituent ions when they dissolve in water. In the case of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen ions, H+, and chloride ions, Cl-, are formed. In the case of sodium hydroxide, sodium ions, Na+, and hydroxide ions, OH-, are formed. The hydrogen and hydroxide ions readily unite to form water. If the number of hydrogen ions in the hydrochloric acid solution is equal to the number of hydroxide ions in the sodium hydroxide solution, complete neutralisation occurs when the two solutions are mixed.Heat Involved in Chemical ReactionsThe reaction of neutralisation is of course an exothermic reaction. This means that heat is given out during the chemical change that occurs. Along with all neutralisation reactions, all combustion reactions ar e exothermic, as they of course give out heat. The reactions, which are accompanied by a drop in temperature, are known as endothermic reactions; these reactions take in heat. When using a value of measure to the amount of heat given out, the end result is given a negative value for the change in energy. This may seem a bit odd due to the fact that it is clear that an exothermic reaction emits heat. The reason for giving exothermic reactions a negative ?H value is because the energy held by the substance has decreased, conversely, in an endothermic reaction, the energy of the actual substance has risen because the energy is held in the bonds.The reason for heat being released from a reaction is because there are more bonds broken than are made, when bonds are broken, energy is taken in whereas the making of bonds leads to energy being produced. If the reaction is endothermic, there are obviously more bonds to be broken than have been made. It is also the case that stronger bonds tak e more energy to break than weaker bonds, and when stronger bonds are made, they release a greater amount of energy than when weaker bonds are created. Going by this, it is clear that every single reaction will have, to some degree, an energy change. Another factor discovered is that the amount of energy taken in by breaking bonds equals the amount of energy released through the creating of new bonds.The amount of energy taken in or released can be expressed in kilojoules or joules, the SI unit for energy. To make the investigation fair I will express my values per mole. The energy changes that occur in reactions can be shown using energy level diagrams. In these diagrams, energy goes on the y-axis, and the x-axis is labelled as the reaction process, which shows the progress of the reaction. These diagrams do not show any numerical values, they are only used to show trends of energy changes in exothermic and endothermic reaction. The enthalpy diagrams are shown below, for both endot hermic and exothermic reactionsThe equation used to work out the energy transferred is ENERGY (KJ)= S.H.C X MASS (in g) X temperature change (in Kelvin)Exothermic Reaction Endothermic ReactionProductsReactantsProducts ReactantsProgress Of reaction Progress Of reactionI have chosen to vary the type of the acid, for my investigation. I have decided that I am going to have a wide selection of different acids to investigate, but for the alkali, I am only going to have one weak and one strong one. I have chosen to vary the factor of type of acid, rather than volume or concentration (of either acid or alkali), because it would allow a simple and easy procedure. Another reason for choosing this variable is that it will allow a multitude of different combinations that will lead to clear-cut conclusions. The procedure for this variable is also somewhat less complex than most of the others. The acids that I will use for my experiments will be one molar values of sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitri c, Ethanoic, methanoic and citric acid. I will use one molar Sodium hydroxide for the course of the investigation.Preliminary experimentAim: to carry out the study on how the change in temperature of a neutralisation reaction is effect by the change in acid used in the reaction. I am going to use 6 different acids and 1 alkali for each experiment.Prediction: I predict that the stronger acids will produce a higher temperature rise because, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralisation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vig orous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the solution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat.Apparatus:2* 100 ml beakers2* 500 ml beaker2 measuring cylindersThermometerStirring rodMethod:Collect the apparatus shown in the list above.Measure 25 ML of acid.Then place the acid in a measuring cylinder, to check if the volume is exactly 25 ml.Then collect 25ml of alkali, and do the same as the acid except in a different measuring cylinder.If the acid is Diprotic or Triprotic, and you are reacting it with a monoprotic alkali then you must use double or triple the volume of alkali in ratio to the amount of acid. This is to compensate for the extra H+ ions, which if not compensated for would result in an unfair experiment.Measure the temperature for both acid and alkali and note the value down.Then pour both into a beaker with the thermometer in the beaker as well.Record the temperature rise. Perform this experiment for the rest of the ac ids.Diagram for preliminary experimentResults of preliminary experimentSulphuricSodium Hydroxide20.020.032.012.0NitricSodium Hydroxide21.020.028.07.5HydrochloricSodium Hydroxide20.021.00.07.5EthanoicSodium Hydroxide20.021.027.06.5MethanoicSodium Hydroxide21.019.027.57.5CitricSodium Hydroxide20.021.027.06.5AcidAlkaliInitial Acid Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CInitial Alkali Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CFinal Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CTemp. Rise à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CConclusion of preliminary resultsThe preliminary experiment performed was fairly well done, but there are several minor adjustments that could be made for when doing the real thing. Firstly, instead of using a beaker to mix the acid and alkali, a polystyrene cup could be used instead. This would stop energy being lost in the form of heat, to the surroundings. Also a lid would be placed on the polystyrene cup when reacting the acid and alkali to prevent further heat loss. I believe these are the only adjustments that need to be made for the real experiment. Th e prediction made was justified in the results processed, as the stronger acids produced a higher temperature rise due to the fact that, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralisation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vigorous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the solution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat. For sulphuric acid there was a temperature change of 12*C, which was expected as it is a strong acid. However, for hydrochloric and nitric acid the temperature change was not as significant as expected. This could be due to wrong amounts of volume being mixed and more care will be taken when doing the actual experiment, to make sure equal amounts of volume are used. To avoid anomalous results the experiment could be repeated and I will do this in the real thing.Actual ExperimentAim: to carry out the study on how the change in temperature of a neutralisation reaction is effect by the change in acid used in the reaction. I am going to use 6 different acids and 1 alkali for the whole investigation, all with a concentration of one molar.Prediction: I predict that the stronger acids will produce a higher temperature rise because, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralis ation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vigorous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the solution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat.Apparatus:2* 100 ml beakers1* 500 ml beaker2 measuring cylinders2 ThermometersStirring rodPolystyrene cup and lidMethod:Collect the apparatus shown in the list above.Measure 25 ML of acid.Then place the acid in a measuring cylinder, to check if the volume is exactly 25 ml.Then collect 25ml of alkali, and do the same as the acid except in a different measuring cylinder.If the acid is Diprotic or Triprotic, and you are reacting it with a Monoprotic alkali then you must use double or triple the volume of alkali in ratio to the amount of acid. This is to compensate for the extra H+ ions, which if not compensated for would result in an unfair experiment.Measure the temperature for both acid and alkali and note the value down.Then pour both into a beaker with the thermometer in the polystyrene cup as well and seal the cup with the lid quickly and carefully.Record the temperature rise and perform the experiment two more times. Perform this experiment for the rest of the acids, remembering to repeat it 3 times altogether for each acid.Results for main experimentAcidAlkaliInitial Acid Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CInitial Alkali Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CFinal Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage Acid Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage Alkali Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage Initial Temp. Of Acid + Alkali à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CAverage of Final Temp. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CTemp. Rise à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C123123123SulphuricSodium Hydroxide21.020.020.022.020.021.032.031.032.020.321.020.731.711.0NitricSodium Hydroxide21.021.021.021.021.021.028.028.028.021.021.021.028.07.0HydrochloricSodium Hydroxide19.019.019.019.020.019.028.027.028.019.019.319.227.78.5EthanoicSodium Hydroxide20.020.020.021.021.020.027.027.027.020.020.720.327.06.7MethanoicSodium Hydroxide19.018.019.020.020.021.027.026.025.018.720.319.526.06.5CitricSodium Hydroxide19.019.019.019.019.019.028.028.028.019.019.019.028.09.0AnalysisAs I predicted for the actual experiments results, the stronger acids reacted to give a bigger temperature than compared to the weaker acids. However, this was not the case for all of the acids used. Citric acid gave a very high reading of temperature change when it is known that it isnt a very strong acid when compared with HCL and Nitric acid. But one should also take into account of the high volume citric acid used in reacting with the sodium hydroxide, as 75 cm(squared) of the citric acid were used to compensate for the fact that it is a Triprotic acid, as if the acid is Diprotic or Triprotic, and you are reacting it with a Monoprotic alkali (sodium hydroxide one molar in this case) then you must use double or triple the volume of alkali in ratio to the amount of acid. This is to compensate for the extra H+ ions, which if not compensated for would result in an unfair experiment.The temperature change for sulphuric acid was recorded as being high, as was expected. As predicted the stronger acids gave higher temperature changes. This is due to the fact that stronger acids produce a higher temperature rise because, first of all, they have no bonds to be broken; in solution they exist as their component ions, completely dissociated. It is known that the breaking of bonds causes energy to be taken in, and when bonds are made, energy is given out. Another reason for a stronger acid producing a higher value for the heat of neutralisation is because it has more free H+ ions. I have deduced this because it is known that in a strong acid, all of the molecules are dissociated into their component ions. When the strong acid is used to neutralise the alkali, a more vigorous reaction would occur as a result of there being more H+ ions in the so lution to neutralise the OH- ions in the alkali to give out more heat.To aid my evaluation of my results I have calculated the enthalpy changes for each of the acids used. I will compare these results with the change in kelvin results.AcidAverage temperature change/KelvinSpecific Heat CapacityMass/grams (including alkali)Energy change in JoulesSulphuric11.04.250.02310.0Nitric7.04.250.01470.0Hydrochloric8.54.250.01785.0Ethanoic6.74.250.01407.0Methanoic6.54.250.01365.0Citric9.04.2100.03780.0Change in Joules GraphChange in Kelvin results graphFurther AnalysisThe graphs for both change in Kelvin and Joules, have very similar patterns. The only difference between both is that Citric acid gives 3780.0 joules, which is 1470.0, more joules than sulphuric acid, which has a higher change in Kelvin than compared to citric acid.The reason for there to be a higher amount of energy maybe due to the fact that a higher volume is used for the citric acid than sulphuric acid, which may link to the fa ct that a higher volume of acid gives a higher enthalpy change.I believe my prediction was partially linked to the results recorded, mainly due to the fact that the weaker acids gave higher readings than expected, like Ethanoic and that the stronger acids gave lower than expected readings, like Hydrochloric acid. Overall I believe my results showed the trend that would be expected.

Sugar of Lead

Sugar of Lead One way you might suspect lead is seeping from your plumbing into your water is if the first water from the tap tastes sweeter than water after the tap has run a while. Lead tastes sweet. In fact, lead (II) acetate [Pb(C2H3O2)2Â ·3H2O] is a compound that has another name: sugar of lead. Sugar of lead has been used as a sweetener throughout history. No honey or sugar? No problem! There is a calorie-free alternative. Its toxic, but you wont put on pounds from eating it. If you use enough of it, you might forget to eat altogether. The perfect diet aid.The ancient Romans would boil down grape juice in lead pots and use the resulting syrup to sweeten wine and preserve fruit. We all know how it went down for the Romans, but lead acetate is still in use today. The modern preparation of lead(II) acetate is made by mixing aqueous acetic acid with lead carbonate and evaporating off the water. Have you noticed some lipsticks taste sweet on your lips even though when you read the ingredient list, they contain no sugar or other sweeteners... well... except the lead acetate. Lead acetate is found in red lipsticks more than other colors. The chemical helps with colorfastness, which is why its also using in dyeing, including progressive hair color, like Grecian Formulaâ„ ¢ for men. You can have a head of youthfully dark hair, all the better to attract that lovely lady with the ruby red lips and the sweet, sweet kiss.Crystal Photo Gallery | What Makes Lead Poisonous?

Real Estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Real Estate - Essay Example It has become extremely wealthy after gaining foreign direct investment funding in the 1970s. The country has a rather high Human Development Index when compared to other Asian countries the country has risen 8 ranks on the Human Development Index. Real GDP in 2005 grew quite rapidly by 8.2% to AED357.6bn on the back of extremely strong economic activity, and the prices of oil also grew at a fast pace resulting in big fiscal as well as external surpluses. Economic Growth in the last few years has highly increased the per capita GDP to a record high of US$28,147 in the year 2005 as compared with US$24,380 the year before (Marcus & Howard p 78). When Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are analyzed it can be said that that after Qatar, UAE has the highest per capita GDP. After looking forward, we anticipate economic growth to stay the same for both years 2006 as well as 2007. GDP is expected to grow by a good 14% for the year 2006 to reach AED553.4bn, whereas in real terms the economy is expected to achieve approximately 9.7%. Of a high growth rate The UAE's property market sector wholly contributed to 7.4 percent of the country's GDP in 2005. That year, in 2005 it experienced an immense growth of 19.7%, as well as a CAGR of 13.5% during the period 2000 to 2005. This sector was buoyed by the increase in investment in infrastructure, the rise in the residential and non-residential units, and the country's development into an eye-catching tourist destination. Because of the country being transformed indication to the rise in residential and non residential units The real estate and construction sectors both accounted for 14.6% of GDP via government in 2005 (Marcus& Howard p 76). Dubai, the most important market for foreign investments has made some crucial improvements over the last few years. After allowing 100% possession for foreigners in selected locations, there have been some amendments to the law including the newly announced property law No. 3 of 2007 which was issued via government early this year. This law completely l egalizes freehold ownership of land as well as property to UAE along with GCC nationals, whereas permitting equal rights to non-GCC expatriates in designated areas. The latest law fully permits expatriate homeowners to record and register all their property in their names through the Dubai Lands and Properties Department. Urban Planning 2030: Abu Dhabi Urban Structure Framework Plan 2030(Marcus &Howard p 75), a complete plan destined for the development of the city of Abu Dhabi that will aim to help, as well as guide, in making decisions for the next quarter of a century. The Government has also recently made an announcement regarding the establishment of a new Urban Planning Council to supervise the implementation of the plan for future development of urban planning policies. The plan has been made for the sole purpose of delivering upon the vision of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE as well as Ruler of Abu Dhabi, and

Answer the question from the book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer the question from the book - Essay Example in other instances, most of the IT departments do not have budgets of their own. They, in most cases charge other departments for the services that they provide to them. As such, it becomes hard for the department to project its expenditure levels. Moreover, equipment keeps changing, with the increase in the level of technology and innovation. It makes it difficult to track this whole expenditure record, one that puts into consideration all the expenses including the miscellaneous. 2. To answer the question as to whether IT systems are an expense or an asset, first it is important to understand the difference between an asset and an expense. While an asset is an economic resource, an expense takes away economic resources. Initial investments in IT systems are an asset to an organization like IVK (Austin et al. 54). On the other hand, they are an expense if they became obsolete. It is unfair classifying the systems as expenses, despite their high initial costs. For instance, telephone s were an expense when every department required them. They made communication within the organization easy and simple, and more efficient. They simplified the mode of communication in the organization, and made the daily operations easy. Activities ran smoothly with improved communication. Their contribution to the overall out was overwhelming. These were assets to the organization. However, with the technological advancement in the organizations, there was the introduction of better communication methods such as e-mail. This made telephones obsolete, making them an expense, as the organization had to faze them out indefinitely. This makes them more an expense at the end. 3. IT as a department has little expenses. Because the department provides services to other departments, it is important for the organization to allocate the IT expenses to these departments. On its own, the IT department spends less, as it only require keeping its operations going. The main reason for the establ ishment of IT departments in organizations was to provide technology and communication services to the rest departments. This makes IT the biggest and most interactive department in an organization, as the organization entirely relies on it for these services. Choosing to allocate all IT related expenses to the IT department would leave it with a huge budget. Nonetheless, it is difficult to track all expenses of the IT department. Condensing all the organizational expenses on IT services under the IT department, there would be no track of organizational expenditure on the IT department, and thus poor track of the organizational expenses. 4. The IT should operate just like any other organizational department. Although, due to the sensitivity in operations of the IT department, in most cases, the department runs its operations independently, there should be a limit as to how far this freedom could go. As established by Reuben, it is hard to keep track of all the expenditures in the IT department (Austin et al. 61). On the other hand, there is the need for monitoring of its operations as well as regulation. Therefore, the department should not be independent altogether. There should be a framework regulating the amount IT spends, to make sure it does not overstate its budget. 5. Acquiring new systems is an expensive affair. Therefore, most of the organizations opt to maintain the existing systems, as long as their importance

The Frankenstein & novel Essay Example for Free

The Frankenstein novel Essay The novel became the most famous work of Mary Shelley and since it was published, its popularity in the scholarly and lay audiences has been increasing among readers. This can be attributed to Mary Shelley’s ability to keep the story interesting through the narration of the story by Victor Frankenstein and the use of science fiction and horror in the story. This paper will explore how these elements/themes have been used in the novel to keep the story interesting and intriguing. Discussion The fact that the author uses Victor Frankenstein who is the victim of the monster’s horrific actions makes the story very interesting and easy for the reader to follow the events that unfold in the story. Shelley allows Victor Frankenstein to narrate his personal life experience in the novel and how his interest and obsession in science turned tragic when he became the target of horrific actions of the monster he created. In the beginning of the story, the novel explains how Frankenstein ended up in a ship that was being used by an English explorer Robert Walton. Walton’s ship became a refuge for Frankenstein who was ill. Though Frankenstein was in a poor health condition when he was taken into Walton’s ship, he was able to recover and narrate his personal life story and experience with the monster he had created. This element allows the readers to understand how and why the events that are described in the story occurred. The narration brings out the emotions and feelings of the characters that were triggered by the events that unfold in the story . For example, the anger, sadness, pain, disappointment and fear felt by the characters are well expressed. Furthermore, the narration enables the readers to have a clear understanding of the feelings and the emotions felt by Frankenstein throughout the story. Victor Frankenstein tells Robert Walton about his place of birth, family, education and his interest in natural philosophy and sciences which resulted to his obsession and discovery of how he could bestow life in a lifeless matter. In addition, Frankenstein’s narration of how his life changed after the creation of the monster allows the reader to understand his desperation, hopelessness and anger . For example, he narrates how the monster kills his family members and the execution of a family friend who was accused of killing Frankenstein’s brother. Hopelessness in this case emanated from the fact that he could not save the life of his friend . His heart was tortured his heart hence he left to wander in the Alpine valleys. The suffering that the monster caused to Frankenstein’s family members and friends is well explained in the story. Frankestein’s narration about the suffering that his family was going through as a result of the monstrous acts of the creature that he created is a clear indication of how the close relation between Frankenstein and victims of the acts affected the tragic events and horrific events that befell them. For instance, his father’s health was greatly affected by what was happening to the family members and friends. He was greatly affected by the deaths of Justine and William. Elizabeth who later married Frankenstein on the other hand became very sad. She failed to take delight in her ordinary occupation and was in tears. Her happiness vanished and the sorrow created by the horrific deeds of the monster removed her dearest smiles from the face. According to Frankestein,Elizabeth could no longer see the world as it was because of the miserable death of Justine Moritz whom she was convinced was innocent. Frankestein points out that he listened to Elizabeth’s opinion about what was happening with great agony. He considered Elizabeth to be a gift of fortune and was worried that the monster could take her away from him. When the monster eventually killed Elizabeth, Frankinstien was devastated. And through the story explains how he chose to deal with despair and sought relief through change of place as well as bodily exercise. For example, he explains how he sought to forget himself and the sorrow he felt by visiting the Alpine and the valley of Chamounix. His feelings due to the interaction with nature brings out his desire to go back to old world where there was no sorrow and despair. Another element that maintains the interest of the reader in the story is the incorporation of science fiction. The novel Frankenstein marked the pioneer work of science fiction (Stableford, pg. 48). At a time when Shelley wrote the story, industrial revolution was being witnessed in Europe. This novel introduced science fiction in literature, an element that was not common in many literature sources. The story introduces science fiction when a monster is created from lifeless matter. The novel provides an account of how â€Å"monstrousness† can arise and Victor Frankenstein in the novel is portrayed as an archetypal man who is destroyed by his own creation (Stableford, pg. 46). Shelley as a writer wrote according to gothic fiction hence her employment of the concept of science and the theme of science versus nature was not popular. For some readers, they consider the novel to be a lesson to the modern world how a scientist can be punished for trying to interfere with the divine prerogative of creation. Furthermore, the merging of the art of fiction and the academic study of science gave Shelley’s story of Frankenstein interesting to many readers. The emotional reaction of the readers to the creation of the monster gives the novel some permanence while the emotional investment in the characters by the writer makes this science fiction book a novel rather than a speculative essay on what can happen in future. This makes it interesting for the readers. Over the years, the novel has inspired other writers publish science fiction work. For instance, the novel explains how Victor Frankenstein was able to give life to lifeless body parts he collected from slaughterhouses, graveyards and dissecting rooms. The coming into life of the creature which is referred to as â€Å"monster† in the novel turns Frankenstein’s life into a nightmare. The monster manages to kill his family members and Elizabeth whom Frankenstein had married. There is no doubt that the incorporation of science fiction in the Frankenstein arouses the interest of the writer in science, a concept that has become popular in contemporary literature and film industry. To Frankenstein, creating the monster had been his desire and dream that turned tragic. Science fiction provides literature and film makers to become creative and arouses the interest of the readers in science-related issues. The story makes clear the consequences of science-related innovations and in this case, the consequences of bringing into life a new creature by Frankenstien. In Frankenstien,the process of creating a monster by the scientist began when his interest and obsession with human nature had him embark on a mission with the sole purpose of giving life to an lifeless body. This deprived him good health conditions and adequate time for good rest. However,Frankestein failed to celebrate the success of his creation because not long after he gave life to the creature, the beauty of his dream vanished and only disgust and breathless horror filled his heart(Shelley,pg. 69). Frankenstein asserts that he had created a miserable monster. This had him experience great bitterness, disappointment and horror. Despite his obsession and interests to provide life to a lifeless creature, Frankestein came to admit and realize that the creation of a monster was a misfortune. As a result of his discontent with the creation of a new monster, Frankestein suffered from a nervous fever. The fever had him confined for several months. Henry became his only nurse and throughout the period of his illness, the form of the creature that Frankenstein had given life was always before his eyes and mind. Frankenstein lacked happiness and his life was filled with sadness after he created the monster . The impact of Frankenstein’s actions and desires had grave consequences in his life and the lives of the loved ones. For example, after Justine was convicted for a murder that was committed by the monster, Frankenstein was filled with remorse and despair. Although he had began his life with benevolent intentions and looked forward to the moment when he would successfully put his intentions into practice and become useful to the other human beings, he was convinced that he had committed deeds of mischief and an error after he managed to create the monster. Unfortunately, rather than bring him self satisfaction, the creation of a monster brought him hopelessness, fear and remorse for all the horrific deeds it got involved in. The creation of a monster in the novel and the need to learn more about the creature makes the story interesting for the readers. For example, the desire to know the consequences of the actions of the monster on Victor Frankenstein and his family increases one’s interest in the book. Whenever Frankenstein thought about the monster and its revenge against him, he gnashed his teeth and his eyes would become inflamed. He wished that he could extinguish that life he had bestowed on the creature. Because of the malice and crimes, Frankenstein developed anger and hatred towards the monster and the desire to revenge the monster’s crimes. He wished he could see the monster in order to avenge the deaths of Justine and William and because he became remorseful of unalterable evils of the creature, he feared that the monster he had created could perpetrate new wickedness in the society. It is a lesson to the readers on how scientific innovation and development can have detrimental effects of the lives of many people. Horror in the novel story Frankenstein is created by the presence of a monster that is on a revenge mission. The horror is connected to the theme of science fiction because horrific acts are perpetrated by the monster that was created by Frankenstein. Frankenstein’s interest in electricity, natural philosophy, mathematics and chemistry resulted to an obsession and fascination with the principle of life and human frame. Fanatical studying assisted him to bestow life on lifeless matter to create a monster. Rejection by its creator, Victor Frankenstein together with the society angered the monster who went on a revenge mission by killing family members and close friends of Frankenstein. The monster killed a family member, had a close wrongfully executed and murdered Elizabeth who was the woman that Frankenstein loved . The revenge mission of the monster becomes a horrifying experience for the Frankenstein and his family. The interest of many readers emanates from the fact that Frankenstein creates introduces a monsters who is created by the man’s attempts to integrate nature into his untamed desire to create as well as to application of knowledge. Some readers and scholars assert that this story can be considered to be a modern myth that applies science to create the ‘monster†. The prolific fictional and scientific research of Victor Frankenstein resulted to the creation of a monster which made life difficult for him. The story explains the horrifying deeds of this monster which contributed to the ill health of Frankenstein. From the beginning, Frankenstein’s view of his creation brings out the horror aspect. He regrets instantly of his work when he brings the creature into life. His disappointment is expressed in â€Å"I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body, but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished (Shelley, pg. 56). The creature is described as horrifying and full of rage because of being abandoned by its creator. Mary Shelley’s story brings out intrigue, creativity and imagination which make clear the horror that the story creates. Tension and horror in this story maintains the interest of the reader when the monster that is created using gothic motive is subjected to the earthly life styles. The horrific actions of the monster resulted to numerous misfortunes for Frankenstein’s family and friends. After creating the monster, Frankenstein experiences great fear, regret and develops hatred for his deeds and actions. For example, the suffering that the creation of the monster caused Justine who was convicted and executed for a murder she did not commit is expressed in chapter eight of the novel. Frankestein states that he was in despair when Justine was suffering for the consequences of a creature that he had created. He says that he was torn by remorse, horror and despair as he witnessed the people whom he loved mourn for the deaths of Justine and William. It was the thirst of a man for knowledge that resulted to the monstrous creation that defied both natural order and nature. The description of the night when Frankenstein created the monster symbolizes horror. For example, the night Frankenstein gave life to the monster is described as â€Å"the dreary night of November† (Shelley, pg. 42). The events that are described in the whole story bring out the element of horror. To begin with, Victor Frankenstein confirms that he was horrified after looking at the monster he had created and this made him flee from his laboratory to abandon the creature. This creature had a horrifying appearance that made the society reject its efforts to become part of the society. Frankenstein describes and expresses how horrified he became after creating the monster â€Å"unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room and continued for a long time traversing my bed chamber, unable to compose my mend to sleep. Furthermore,he expresses his conviction that the creature he had created had the power to effect purposes of horror as indicated in the statement â€Å"I considered the being who I have cast among mankind and endowed with the will and power to effect purposes of horror(Shelley,pg. 92). The monster managed to learn language and become a civilized person. The fact that the monster had been considered by the society members to have murderous intentions increased its anger towards Victor Frankenstein who had not only created him but also abandoned him. This triggered monstrous actions of the creature which sought revenge against its creator and marked the beginning of a cycle of destruction whereby both the monster and Frankenstein pursued each other and hatred between the two continued to grow (Mellor, pg. 73). Conclusion The Frankestein, written by Mary Shelley is one of the most famous novels written by the author. As a result, the book has succeeded in attracting many readers to read the book. There are various key elements/themes in the book that have made the book very popular for both scholarly and lay audiences . These elements include the narration of the story by Victor Frankenstein who became the victim of the monsters’ revenge actions, the horrifying experiences expressed in the book and the use of science fiction. Some readers have asserted that contemporary issues in the novel themes include the moral implications of scientific discovery and one’s personal zeal for success can have detrimental impact on others. Works Cited Knoepflmacher, U. C. and Levine, George. The Endurance of Frankenstein: Essays on Mary Shelleys Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979 Mellor, Anne. Mary Shelley; Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. Routledge, 1989 Shelley, Mary. Frankestein. Collector’s Library, 2004 Stableford, Brian. Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction. Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors. Ed. David Seed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995

Benthams Utilitarianism in Victorian England :: European Europe History

Bentham's Utilitarianism in Victorian England    The philosophy of Utilitarianism influenced many of the social reforms in Great Britain during the early half of the nineteenth century. The name most frequently associated with Utilitarianism is that of Jeremy Bentham. Bentham's philosophical principles extended into the realm of government. These principles have been associated with several reform acts entered into English law such as the Factory Act of 1833, the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Prison Act of 1835, the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, the Committee on Education in 1839,the Lunacy Act of 1845, and the Public Health Act of 1845. In terms of their effect on Victorian era reform Bentham's two most influential works appear to be An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) and Constitutional Code (1830-1841). Utilitarianism as a philosophy was also known as Benthamism or Philosophical Radicalism. Opponents to utilitarian thought included Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and Charles Dickens. Bentham's basic premise to his philosophy can be found in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation: Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do as well as to determine what we shall do (225) 1. Along with this idea of pleasure and pain as sovereign masters Bentham introduced what he called the principle of utility. This principle can be summarized as the principle that "every action should be judged right or wrong according to how far it tends to promote or damage the happiness of the community" (29),2 Bentham believed that human behavior was motivated by the desire to obtain some pleasure and to avoid some pain. In Introduction to the Principles he states that it is " the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong" (229) 1. These principles were intended by Bentham to be " a precept addressed to the legislators, to those responsible for the management of society" (27)2. Bentham hoped to affect some social change rather than to merely influence intellectual beliefs. He even went so far as to suggest that legislators should regulate the ways in which individuals sought their own happiness. The idea of punishment and reward were to be the means by which the legislator could control the people's pursuit of happiness. Rewards were regarded as a less important method than punishments.

Doe Season

Doe Season In the short story Doe season, David Kaplan creates a character named Andrea, who would rather be called Andy. Doe Season is not simply a story about a young girl’s hunting trip with her father and friends. During the few days that Andy is on the hunting trip, she takes an incredible journey trying to find out who she really is. Usually, hunting deer is an event reserved for young men and their fathers. Yet, it is through this outing that Andy experiences a rite of passage into womanhood. All through her life Andy has acknowledged herself as being able to relate to male figures and being more similar to her father than her mother.Andy is a young girl who enters the world of a boy's rite of passage to adulthood, experiences an internal journey through the group’s teasing, the killing of the doe, and the transformation of changing from Andy to Andrea. As Andy reflects on past journeys, the family trip to the beach stands out in her mind. She is very uncomfortab le with her feminine side. Unlike her mother, Andy and her father were both nervous in the ocean. Her mother swam and splashed with animal-like delight while her father smiling shyly, held his white arms above the waist-deep water as if afraid to get them wet (513).Andy associates more readily with her father. The naturalness of womanhood only makes Andy uncomfortable. After her mother’s top falls down in the ocean, Andy is embarrassed and quickly looks around to see if anyone has noticed (514). â€Å"The nipples like two dark eyes,† symbolizes Andy’s feelings that being feminine is similar to being grotesque instead of having elegant and beautiful qualities. Yet, this whole time Andy is unconcerned if anyone has noticed how foolish her father must look in the water trying to stay dry (514).In the beginning of the story, there is emphasis on the woods always remaining the same. The woods stretch inevitably and offer a sense of security and safety. Even while hun ting, the same woods lead back toward home where Andy’s mother is waiting for them. She is there and we are here, the thought satisfied Andy (511). When Mac, Charlie’s son, mentions to Andy that Canada is nearby, Andy rejects the idea. These same woods could not possibly go to a foreign country that is not part of home. Just as Andy is emerging into a new person, the woods around her are no longer the same s they were when she originally left home by the end of the journey. Both Charlie and Mac do not like, nor understand the idea that Andy is coming along on their hunting trip to the Pennsylvania countryside. Charlie continually questioning Andy’s father: Charlie Spoon was driving. â€Å"I don’t understand why she’s coming,† he said to her father. â€Å"How old is she anyway—eight? † â€Å"Nine,† her father replied. â€Å"She’s small for her age. † â€Å"So—nine. What’s the difference? Sheâ €™ll just add to the noise and get tired besides† (511). This goes to show that Charlie does not believe that girls or women should go hunting.He does not think that Andy is capable of keeping up with the men, this is very stereotypical. Culture has changed and it is now acceptable for women to go hunting and do outdoor activities. There are many women and girls who go hunting with their fathers in today’s world, but there are still men that think it’s a man’s job. Andy’s father does not see a problem with Andy going hanging with the guys. He sticks up for her every time Charlie and Mac ask why she’s coming with. When Charlie repeatedly stated that he didn’t understand why she was coming, Andy’s father says, â€Å"She can walk me to death.And she’ll bring good luck, you’ll see† (511). He is okay with Andy coming along because she wants too. He sees no difference between him and Andy going hunting than Ch arlie and Mac. Doe Season ends with Andy watching â€Å"her father’s knife sliced thickly from chest to bell to crotch† (521). When Andy’s father begins to gut the deer, Andy has an epiphany. She realizes that, no matter how much she tries, she cannot become part of the male society. She then runs away from everyone. This gesture of turning her back and fleeing from her male companions shows that she finally accepts the fact that she is different from men.The transformation within her is already complete. Then she listens to the sound of the wind which aptly reminds her of the â€Å"terrible, now inevitable sea† (521). The sea now becomes inevitable, owing to the fact the she recognizes she can no longer deny her true identity. She turns from the woods. Which suddenly became strange to her, to the calling ocean, heeding her real destiny- that of becoming a woman. Work Cited Kaplan, David Michael. Doe Season. Literature. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writ ing. EdLaurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2012. 511-521. Print. Doe Season Doe Season In the short story Doe season, David Kaplan creates a character named Andrea, who would rather be called Andy. Doe Season is not simply a story about a young girl’s hunting trip with her father and friends. During the few days that Andy is on the hunting trip, she takes an incredible journey trying to find out who she really is. Usually, hunting deer is an event reserved for young men and their fathers. Yet, it is through this outing that Andy experiences a rite of passage into womanhood. All through her life Andy has acknowledged herself as being able to relate to male figures and being more similar to her father than her mother.Andy is a young girl who enters the world of a boy's rite of passage to adulthood, experiences an internal journey through the group’s teasing, the killing of the doe, and the transformation of changing from Andy to Andrea. As Andy reflects on past journeys, the family trip to the beach stands out in her mind. She is very uncomfortab le with her feminine side. Unlike her mother, Andy and her father were both nervous in the ocean. Her mother swam and splashed with animal-like delight while her father smiling shyly, held his white arms above the waist-deep water as if afraid to get them wet (513).Andy associates more readily with her father. The naturalness of womanhood only makes Andy uncomfortable. After her mother’s top falls down in the ocean, Andy is embarrassed and quickly looks around to see if anyone has noticed (514). â€Å"The nipples like two dark eyes,† symbolizes Andy’s feelings that being feminine is similar to being grotesque instead of having elegant and beautiful qualities. Yet, this whole time Andy is unconcerned if anyone has noticed how foolish her father must look in the water trying to stay dry (514).In the beginning of the story, there is emphasis on the woods always remaining the same. The woods stretch inevitably and offer a sense of security and safety. Even while hun ting, the same woods lead back toward home where Andy’s mother is waiting for them. She is there and we are here, the thought satisfied Andy (511). When Mac, Charlie’s son, mentions to Andy that Canada is nearby, Andy rejects the idea. These same woods could not possibly go to a foreign country that is not part of home. Just as Andy is emerging into a new person, the woods around her are no longer the same s they were when she originally left home by the end of the journey. Both Charlie and Mac do not like, nor understand the idea that Andy is coming along on their hunting trip to the Pennsylvania countryside. Charlie continually questioning Andy’s father: Charlie Spoon was driving. â€Å"I don’t understand why she’s coming,† he said to her father. â€Å"How old is she anyway—eight? † â€Å"Nine,† her father replied. â€Å"She’s small for her age. † â€Å"So—nine. What’s the difference? Sheâ €™ll just add to the noise and get tired besides† (511). This goes to show that Charlie does not believe that girls or women should go hunting.He does not think that Andy is capable of keeping up with the men, this is very stereotypical. Culture has changed and it is now acceptable for women to go hunting and do outdoor activities. There are many women and girls who go hunting with their fathers in today’s world, but there are still men that think it’s a man’s job. Andy’s father does not see a problem with Andy going hanging with the guys. He sticks up for her every time Charlie and Mac ask why she’s coming with. When Charlie repeatedly stated that he didn’t understand why she was coming, Andy’s father says, â€Å"She can walk me to death.And she’ll bring good luck, you’ll see† (511). He is okay with Andy coming along because she wants too. He sees no difference between him and Andy going hunting than Ch arlie and Mac. Doe Season ends with Andy watching â€Å"her father’s knife sliced thickly from chest to bell to crotch† (521). When Andy’s father begins to gut the deer, Andy has an epiphany. She realizes that, no matter how much she tries, she cannot become part of the male society. She then runs away from everyone. This gesture of turning her back and fleeing from her male companions shows that she finally accepts the fact that she is different from men.The transformation within her is already complete. Then she listens to the sound of the wind which aptly reminds her of the â€Å"terrible, now inevitable sea† (521). The sea now becomes inevitable, owing to the fact the she recognizes she can no longer deny her true identity. She turns from the woods. Which suddenly became strange to her, to the calling ocean, heeding her real destiny- that of becoming a woman. Work Cited Kaplan, David Michael. Doe Season. Literature. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writ ing. EdLaurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2012. 511-521. Print.